Biotechnological Applications in Aquaculture: Innovations in Fish Health, Nutrition, Genetics, and Conservation

Abstract

The global expansion of aquaculture has intensified the demand for sustainable, efficient, and scientifically advanced production systems to meet growing food security needs. Biotechnology has become a pivotal tool in transforming aquaculture, offering solutions to critical challenges such as disease outbreaks, feed inefficiencies, genetic degradation, and biodiversity loss. This review explores recent advances in biotechnological interventions in aquaculture, focusing on their applications in fish health management, nutritional enhancement, genetic manipulation, breeding improvement, and species classification. Key innovations include molecular diagnostics, DNA and recombinant vaccines, solid-state fermentation, exogenous enzyme supplementation, gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, and cryopreservation. These tools have contributed significantly to the development of disease-resistant, fast-growing, and environmentally adaptable aquaculture species. The review also highlights the use of molecular markers for genetic tracking and biodiversity conservation. While biotechnology offers immense potential, its application must be guided by robust regulatory frameworks and ethical considerations to ensure ecological safety and social acceptance. This synthesis emphasizes that biotechnology, when responsibly integrated with traditional aquaculture practices, can support a resilient, productive, and sustainable aquaculture industry for the future.