Epidemiological Patterns of Malaria Infection Among Pregnant Women in Benue State

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health issue in Nigeria, particularly among pregnant women, due to the high risk of maternal and neonatal complications associated with Plasmodium infections. This cross-sectional study investigates the epidemiological distribution and infection rates of Plasmodium species among 300 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected primary healthcare facilities across six local government areas in Benue State, Nigeria. Data collection involved structured questionnaires capturing socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, alongside blood sample analysis using microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Results revealed an overall Plasmodium infection prevalence of 34.3%, with Plasmodium falciparum being the predominant species (30.7%). The study also identified the presence of Plasmodium malariae (2.3%), Plasmodium ovale (0.7%), and Plasmodium knowlesi (0.7%), while no cases of Plasmodium vivax were detected. Infection rates varied significantly across different socio-demographic factors: rural residents exhibited higher infection rates (39.3%) compared to their urban counterparts (23.4%), and younger pregnant women (aged 17-22) had the highest prevalence (39.7%). Socioeconomic factors such as education and occupation also played a critical role; women with informal education had a notably higher prevalence (51.1%) compared to those with tertiary education (25%). Among occupations, farmers had the highest infection rate (38.1%). This study underscores the multifaceted influences on malaria prevalence in pregnancy, including environmental, educational, and socioeconomic determinants, emphasizing the need for targeted malaria control strategies. These strategies should include increased access to insecticide-treated nets, better healthcare services in rural areas, and comprehensive health education campaigns to improve awareness and preventive measures among vulnerable populations. The findings highlight critical areas for public health interventions aimed at reducing malaria infections among pregnant women, ultimately improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.