Nanomaterials at the Forefront of Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Classification, Properties, Synthesis and Characterization Techniques, and Multifunctional Applications

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, properties, synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are defined as materials that have one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale, which range from 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nm. They can be classified based on their origin, dimensionality, morphology, and composition. Common forms of nanomaterials include nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes, each possessing different dimensions within the nanoscale. The unique physical and 
chemical properties of nanomaterials arise from their small size and high surface areato-volume ratio. Additionally, the optical properties of these materials are heavily influenced by their size. Because of these remarkable characteristics, nanomaterials are suited for a diverse array of applications, particularly in the fields of catalysis, imaging, medical advancements, energy research, and environmental solutions.